Dinâmica de uso das terras nos municípios de Bonito, Jardim e Bodoquena (MS) e o estado de conservação dos recursos biológicos do Parque Nacional da Serra da Bodoquena e de sua zona de amortecimento.

Abstract

The research addressed the dynamics of use and occupation of land belonging to the municipalities of Bodoquena, Bonito and Jardim, located on the eastern edge of the Serra da Bodoquena National Park (PNSB), southwest region of Mato Grosso do Sul. The state of conservation, in terms of structure and landscape configuration, of the cerrado and forest remnants contained within the PNSB and in its buffer zone, was analyzed. The work was centered on two objectives: to subsidize planning strategies for the ideal use and occupation of land for the region; and to analyze the spatial and temporal dynamics of the landscape that makes up the PNSB and its buffer zone, aiming at the conservation of local biodiversity. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to organize a georeferenced database. The determination of the degree of conservation of the PNSB and its buffer zone was made through the use of landscape metrics and the adoption of the precepts of Graph Theory. Chapter one of the thesis discussed the analysis of land use maps generated for the municipalities of Bodoquena, Jardim and Bonito, in the years 1986 and 2004. Comparing these years, there was a loss of cerrado and forest area and a consequent growth of the anthropic matrix composed by pastures (mainly) and agricultural crops. Only in Bodoquena did plant remnants have a higher percentage than pasture and crop areas. The studied region undergoes a process of conversion of natural habitats, previously continuous, to a landscape composed of small and isolated fragments of cerrado and forest. Chapter two showed that the forest and cerrado physiognomies were in a better state of conservation in 1986 than in 2004. It was possible to observe that the remnants of the vegetation formations mentioned above were in a better state of conservation within the PNSB , which in its buffer zone. The map of relevance of forest remnants, considering the combined notes of the shape and area metrics of the patches, indicated which are the priority areas to be protected, as they have adequate characteristics for the persistence of forest biodiversity, present in the PNSB and in its zone dampening. These areas were divided into north (Bodoquena part of the municipality of Bonito) and south (part of the municipality of Bonito and Jardim) sectors. The northern sector stood out for presenting remnants with high and extremely high values in terms of relevance for biodiversity conservation. The same northern sector has a greater number of points of sensitivity to the break in connectivity between forest patches. In this region, it can be observed that most of the points with high sensitivity deserve certain strategies that delay or even stop the process of converting the forest to pasture or agriculture. With regard to the pattern of fragmentation of plant remnants, the following conclusion can be drawn: remnants of cerrado and forest, over the course of eighteen years, became smaller, more irregular, more distant and more numerous, indicating a deterioration in the state of conservation of the landscape. between 1986 and 2004. This compromises the maintenance of biodiversity, the persistence of species, reducing their minimum viable populations. The diversification of forms of land use in the matrix is recommended, with the introduction of forestry (mainly composed of native species) and family farming, for example, which may also help in the emergence and maintenance of spatial heterogeneity and the structural complexity of the landscape. The Graph Theory, evaluated in this work, proved to be an efficient tool for carrying out connectivity analyzes in heterogeneous landscapes.