Direitos humanos e exclusão moral

Authors

  • Nancy Cardia Universidade de São Paulo (USP)

Keywords:

.

Abstract

Despite greater circulation of information and public debate after the return to democracy in Brazil, human rights violations have not elicited reactions in public opinion. This article examines the absence of indignation and apparent acceptance of violations as a symptom of strong obstacles to the construction of a democratic society. The roots of acceptance are explored through the analysis of data from various research results, from the point of view of theories on social justice, rights, group relations and moral exclusion. The participation of citizens in the formulation of laws is seen as permitting pacification and the control of violence.

Author Biography

  • Nancy Cardia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP)

    Pesquisadora do núcleo de Estudos da Violência da Universidade de São Paulo.

References

Alwin, D. F. (1987) “Distributive Justice and Satisfaction with Material Well-being.” American Sociological Review 52:83-95.

Bandura, Albert (1990) “Selective Activation and Disengagement of Moral Control.” Journal of Social Issues 46(1) -.27-46.

Bendix, Reinhard. (1966) Nation-Building and Citizenship. Studies of our changing social order. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Berg, N., & Mussen, P. (1975) “The Origins and Development of Concepts of Justice.” Journal of Social Issues 31(3): 183-202.

Caldeira, T.P.R. (1992), “Crime and Individual Rights: Re-framing the Question of Violence in Latin America.” Trabalho apresentado no Seminário Derechos Humanos, Justicia y Sociedad, Buenos Aires.

Cardia, N. (1992), “A Inflação e a Crise Econômica, segundo alguns brasileiros, e o que isto nos revela sobre a nossa cultura política.” Informativo IBEF -Instituto Brasileiro de Executivos Financeiros, n.° 38

Cook, K.S. & Hegtvedt, K.A. (1983) “Distributive Justice, Equity, and Equality.” Annual Review of Sociology 9:217-241.

Cook, Stuart (1990), “Toward a Psychology of Improving Justice: research on extending the equality principle to victims of social justice. "Journal of Social Issues 46(1):147-161.

Da Matta, Roberto (1981) Carnavais, Malandros e Heróis. R.J.: Ed. Zahar.

Deutsch, Morton (1975) “Equity, Equality, and Need: what determines which value will be used as the basis of distributive justice?” Journal of Social Issues 31(3):137-151.

_____________ (1985) Distributive Justice. A social-psychological approach. New Haven: Yale University Press.

_____________ (1990) “Psychological Roots of Moral Exclusion”. Journal of Social Issues 46(1) :21-25-

Elias, Norbert (1988) “Violence and Civilization: The State Monopoly of Physical Violence and its Infringement”, in John Keane (ed.) Civil Society and the State. London: Verso, p.177-198.

Elster, Jon (1990) “Local Justice.” Archives Européennes de Sociolo- gie 31(l):117-140.

Flax, Jane (1993) “The Play of Justice: justice as a transitional space.” Political Psychology p. 331-346.

Folha de S.Paulo, 18/08/1991. p.l.14 “A classe média está com medo do futuro”.

Folha da Tarde, 08/10/92 p. B-4 Cidade.

Fundação Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística — IBGE (1990) Participação Político-Social 1988. Vol. 1 Justiça e Vitimi- zação. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE.

Gibson, J. L. (1989) “Understandings of Justice: institutional legitimacy, procedural justice, and political tolerance.” Law & Society Review 23(3):469-496.

Heller, Agnes (1988) “ On Formal Democracy.” In John Keane (ed.) Civil Society and the State. London: Verso p. 129-145.

Ibope-Instituto Brasileiro de Opinião Pública e Estatística Ltda. (1990) “Pesquisa de Opinião Pública sobre os Direitos Humanos: Grande São Paulo, Grande Rio de Janeiro e Grande Recife”, mimeo.

Ibope-Instituto Brasileiro de Opinião Pública e Estatística Ltda (1989) “Discussões em Grupo sobre Direitos Humanos”, mimeo.

Iccheiser, Gustav (1949) “Misunderstandings in Human Relations. A study in false social perceptions.” Suplemento da edição de setembro do American Journal of Sociology.

Jennings, M.K. (1991) “Thinking About Social Injustice.” Political Psychology 12(2):187-204.

Jornal do Brasil 05/02/1995. “Políticos brasileiros são reprovados em massa.”

Kuzmics, Helmut (1988) “The Civilizing Process”, in John Keane (ed.) Civil Society and the State. London: Verso, p. 149-176.

Lane, Robert (1986) “Market Justice, Political Justice.” American Political Science Review 80(2):383-402.

Landsberg, Ivan (1989) “Social Categorization, Entitlement, and Justice in Organizations: contextual determinants and cognitive underpinnings.” Human Relations 41(12):871-899.

Lerner, Melvin (1975) “The Justice Motive in Social Behavior” Journal of Social Issues 31(3): 1-20.

-------------------(1980) The Belief in a Just World. A fundamental delusion. N.Y. : Plenum Press.

-------------------e Grant, P. R. (1990) “The Influences of Commitment to Justice and Ethnocentrism on Children’s Allocations of Pay.” Social Psychology Quarterly 53(3)=229-238.

Lind, E.A., Kanfer, R. & Earley, P.C. (1990) “Voice, Control, and Procedural Justice: instrumental and noninstrumental concerns in fairness judgments. "Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 59(5)=952-959.

Mahler, I., Greenberg, L. e Hayashi, H. (1981) “A Comparative Study of Rules of Justice: Japanese versus American.” Psychologia 24(l):l-8.

Markovsky, B. (1985) “Toward a Multilevel Distributive Justice Theory. "American Sociological Review 50:822-839, Dec.

-------------------(1988), “Anchoring justice.” Social Psychology Quarterly 51 (3) =213-224.

Marshall, G. & Swift, A. (1993), “Social Class and Social Justice” British Journal of Sociology 44(2) = 187-211.

Milgram, S. (1965) “Some Conditions of Obedience and Disobedience to Authority”. Human Relations 18:57-75.

Miller, J.G. e Bersoff, D. M. (1992) “Culture and Moral Judgment: how are conflicts between justice and interpersonal responsibilities resolved?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 62(4)=541-554.

Mitchell, G. et all (1993) “Judgments of Social Justice: compromises between equality and efficiency.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65(4)=629-639.

Moore Jr., Barrington (1966) Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Lord and peasant in the making of the modem world. Harmds. Middsx, Penguin Books.

Moore, Dahlia (1991) “Entitlement and Justice Evaluations: who should get more, and why.” Social Psychology Quarterly 54(3) =208-223.

Nader, L. (1975) “Forums of Justice: a cross-cultural perspective.” Journal of Social Issues 31 (3) = 151-170.

O’Donnell, Guillermo (1986) Contrapontos, Autoritarismo eDemocratização. São Paulo: Ed. Vértice.

O Estado de S.Paulo, 11/10/92 “Massacre de presos Divide a População”. p. 1 Cidades.

_____________, 17/02/1990, p.4 “Sinais de Otimismo”.

_____________, 05/05/1991, p.4 “Empresariado tem imagem desgastada”.

Opotow, Susan (1990a) “Moral Exclusion and Injustice: an introduction. "Journal of Social Issues 46(1): 1-20.

_____________(1990b) “Deterring Moral Exclusion” Journal of Social Issues 46(1):173-182.

Pinheiro, Paulo Sérgio (1990) “Quando a História É uma História.” Teoria e Debate 11 -.56-59

_____________(1992) “The Legacy of Authoritarianism in New Democracies.” Trabalho apresentado no: Seminar on Human Rights Violations as a Legacy: Establishing a Civil Society in the Wake of Grave Human Rights Violations. Nova York.

Rasinski, KA. (1987) “What’s Fair Is Fair — Or Is It? Value Differences Underlying Public Views About Social Justice.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 53(1): 201-211.

Ross, M. & Ditecco, D. (1975) “An Attributional Analysis of Moral Judgements.” Journal of Social Issues 31(3):91-11O.

Rubin, Z. & Peplau, L.A. (1973) “ Belief in ajust World? and Reactions to Another’s Lot: a study of participants in the National Draft Lottery.” Journal of Social Issues 29(4):73-93.

_____________(1975) “Who Believes in ajust World?” Journal of Social Issues 31(3):65-90.

Sampson, E.E. (1975) “On Justice as Equality” Journal of Social Issues 31(3):45-64.

Shepelak, N.J. & Alwin, D. F. (1986), “Beliefs about Inequality and Perceptions of Distributive Justice.” American Sociological Review 51:30-46.

Tajfel, Henri (1984) “Intergroup Relations, Social Myths and Social Justice in Social Psychology.” In Henri Tajfel (ed.) The Social Dimension^ Vol. 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 625-715.

Tyler, T. R. (1987) “Conditions leading to Value-expressive Effects in Judgments of Procedural Justice: a test of four models.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52(2) :333-344.

-------------------e Megraw, K.M. (1986) “Ideology and the Interpretation of Personal Experience: procedural justice and political quiescence." Journal of Social Issues 42(2): 115-128.

-------------------e Lind, E. Allan. (1990) “Intrinsic versus communitybased justice models: when does group membership matter.” Journal of Social Issues 46(1) :83-94.

Walster, E., Walster, G.W. (1975) “Equity and Social Justice” Journal of Social Issues 31 (3) :21-44.

Weinberger, Barbara (1990) “The Anatomy of Racial Antagonism and Urban Violence: Street Gangs in Birmingham in the 1870’s”. Seminário internacional Controle Social USP/Nev.

Young, Robert L. (1991) “Race, Conceptions of Crime and Justice, and Support for the Death Penalty.” Social Psychology Quarterly 54(1): 67-75.

Zimbardo, Philip (1969) “The Human Choice: Individuation, reason, and order versus deindividuation, impulse and chaos”. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Vol 17, Lincoln: University of Nebraska.

Published

2022-08-12