Movimento ambientalista na China contemporânea:
ambiente em disputa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26512/insurgencia.v5i1.23704Keywords:
China, Movimento ambientalista, Mudanças ambientais, ONGsAbstract
This article seeks to present a historical reconstruction of the development of the environmental movement, based on the understanding of the structure and functioning of environmental NGOs. We present a brief overview of the environmental issue in China and of governmental environmental policies. From these elements it is possible to reflect on the role of NGOs in the contemporary world, their position of dialogue with the State and society, exemplified by environmental protests and public action in two different cases of hydroelectric construction. A change in the position of the Chinese government over the environmental movement in the last three decades has been observed, evidencing a greater incorporation of its demands, and it is possible to consider NGOs as a new active social actor in Chinese environmental policy. The notion of risk society and environmental multiator governance is used as a theoretical principle to analyze the object of study of this article
References
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TAVOLARO, S. Movimento ambientalista e modernidade: sociabilidade, risco e moral. Dissertação. Campinas: UNICAMP, 1998.
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XIE, L. China’s Environmental Activism in the Age of Globalization. Asian Politics & Policy, Volume 3, Number 2, 2011.
XIE, Lei. Environmental Activism in China. Oxon: Routledge, 2009.
XUE, Ming; SHEN, Huizhang; ZHAO, Jidi. Risk fator influencing environmental protest severity in China. International Journal of Conflict Management, 2018.
YU, Jianxing; GUO, Sujian. Civil Society and Governance in China. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
BECK, U. Sociedade de risco: rumo a uma outra modernidade. São Paulo: Ed. 34, 2010.
CHATAM HOUSE. Civil Society and Environmental Governance in China. Workshop Report: Forging alliances for environmental protection between NGOs in diferente regions and sectors, 2007. Disponível em: http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/chathamhouse/public/Research/Asia/300107workshop.pdf acesso em 23 de abril de 2015.
CHINA HOJE. São Paulo: Segmento, jun/jul 2015. ISSN: 2446-7057
CHUN, Zhang. NGOs Win China’s First Public Interest Environmental Lawsuit. The Diplomat. November 14, 2015. Disponível em: < http://thediplomat.com/2015/11/ngos-win-chinas-first-public-interest-environmental-lawsuit/ > acesso em 23 de março de 2015.
DENG, Zhenglai. Global Governance and Good Governance in the Chinese context. In: DENG, Zhenglai; SUJIAN, Guo. China’s search for good governance. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
DEWULF, Art. et al. The governance of adaptation to climate change as a multi-level, multi-sector and multi-actor challenge: a European comparative perspective. Journal of Water and Climate Change, n. 06, v. 01, 2015.
FERREIRA, Leila C. (org.) O Desafio das Mudanças Climáticas: os casos Brasil e China. Jundiaí: Paco Editorial, 2017.
FERREIRA, Leila C. e BARBI, Fabiana. Algumas questões sobre as preocupações ambientais no Brasil e na China (Justiça social e sociedades em transição). In: CHINA & BRASIL: desafios e possibilidades. / Organização da Leila da Costa Ferreira e José Augusto Guilhon Albuquerque. São Paulo: Annblume; Campinas: CEAv, Unicamp, 2013.
FERREIRA, Leila C. Et al. Global Environmental Changes: environmental policies in China with reference to Brazil. XVIII World Congress of Sociology. Yokohama, 13-19 July, 2014.
FERREIRA, Leila. C. e BARBI, F. Questões ambientais e prioridades políticas na China. ComCiência. Volume. 137, p. 01-05, 2012.
FERREIRA, Lucia C. Os Ambientalistas, os Direitos Sociais e o Universo da Cidadania. In: FERREIRA, Leila C.; VIOLA, E. Incertezas de sustentabilidade na globalização. Campinas: Ed. UNICAMP, 1996.
FONSECA, Igor Ferraz da. Licenciamento ambiental, conflitos socioambientais e coordenação intragovernamental: os casos da usina hidrelétricas de Belo Monte, no Brasil; do completo hidrelétrico do Rio Nu, na China; e da barragem de Sardar Sarovar, na Índia. IV Colóquio Internacional de Doutorandos/as do CES, 6-7 de dezembro, 2013.
GIDDENS, A. A Política da mudança climática. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar, 2010.
GIDDENS, Antony. Mundo em Descontrole. Rio de Janeiro/São Paulo: Ed. Record, 2000.
GILLEY, B. Authoritarian enviromentalism and China’s response to climate change. Environmental Politics, v. 21, n. 2, March 2012.
HABERMAS, J. The Theory of Communicative Action. V. 2. Boston: Beacon Press, 1989.
HO, P. Greening without conflict? Environmentalism, NGOs and Civil Society in China. Development and Change. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, vol 32, 2001.
HEIY INSTITUTE. China environmental organizations map. 2017. Disponível em: http://www.lvziku.cn acesso em 10 de março de 2019
HOWELL, J. Prospects for NGOs in China. Development in Practice, vol. 5, n. 1, 1995.
IPCC - INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the International Panel on Climate Change’. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. 2007.
IPCC - INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE. Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. In: R.K. Pachauri e A. Reisinger (eds.) Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 2007b.
IPCC ”“ INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE. Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Summary for Policymakers. 2013.
JAHIEL, Abigail R. The Contradictory Impact of Reform on Environmental Protection in China. The China Quaterly, n. 149, 1997.
JIE, C. The NGO Community in China. Expanding Linkages with Transnational Civil Society and Their Democratic Implications. China Perspectives. N. 68, nov/dec, 2006.
KING & WOOD MALLESONS COMPLIANCE GROUP. Environmental Protection Law: Big Changes in 2014. Disponível em: < http://www.chinalawinsight.com/2014/05/articles/compliance/environmental-protection-law-big-changes-in-2014-2/> acesso em 22 de março de 2015.
KUEN, S. La Participation du public em droit environnemental chinois. In: EBERHARD, C. Traduire nos responsabilités planétaires. Recomposer nos paysages juridiques. Bruxelles: Bruyland, 2008.
LIANG, Jiaqi. The impact of China’s Three Gorges Project: an Evaluation of its effect on energy substitution and carbono dioxide reduction. The Public Purpose, v. 8, 2010.
LIN, Teh-Chang. Environmental NGOs and the Anti-Dam Movements in China: A Social Movement with Chinese Characteristics. Issues & Studies, n. 4, 2007.
LO, C. W. H. e LEUNG, S. W. Environmental agency and public opinion in Guangzhou: the limits of a popular approach to environmental governances. The China Quarterly, v. 163, 2000.
MACBEAN, Alasdair. China’s Environment: Problems and Policies. The World Economy, 2007.
MAHER, Robert. Three Gorges Dam, Yangtze River, China. ENGR 125CS, 2010. Disponível em http://www.montana.edu/rmaher/engr125_fl06/Three%20Gorges%20Dam.pdf LUCOTTE, M. La Chine et l’environnement: pièce em quatre actes (tragédie ou comédie?). VertigO ”“ la revue électronique em sciences de l’environnement, 2009. Disponível em: http://vertigo.revues.org//7783 acesso em 01 de maio de 2015.
acesso em 25 de setembro de 2018.
MARQUES, Luiz. Capitalismo e colapso ambiental. Campinas: Editora Unicamp, 2015.
NEWELL, Peter; PATTBERG, Philipp; SCHROEDER, Heike. Multiactor Governance and the Environment. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, n. 37, 2012.
ROOJI, B. et al. The authoritarian logic of regulatory pluralismo: understanding china’s new environmental actors. Regulation & Governance, v.10, n. 1, 2016
SANJUAN, Thierry (org.) China contemporânea. São Paulo: Edições 70, 2009.
SHAPIRO, Judith. China’s environmental challenges. Malden: Polity Press, 2011.
SHOUQIU, Cai; VOIGTS, Mark. The development of China’s environmental diplomacy. Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal, v. 3, Special Edition, 1993.
SUN, L. Societal Transition: New issues in the field of the sociology of development. Modern China, v. 34, n. 1, 2008.
TAVOLARO, S. Movimento ambientalista e modernidade: sociabilidade, risco e moral. Dissertação. Campinas: UNICAMP, 1998.
VIOLA, E. A dinâmica das potências mundiais e o acordo de Copenhague. Boletim da Sociedade Brasileira de Economia Ecológica. N. 23, 2010.
VIOLA, E. e LEIS, H. A Evolução das Políticas Ambientais no Brasil, 1971 ”“ 1991: do bissetorialismo preservacionista para o multissetorialismo orientado para o desenvolvimento sustentável. In HOGAN, D. e VIEIRA, P. (Org.) Dilemas socioambientais e desenvolvimento sustentável. Campinas : Editora da UNICAMP, 1995.
WANG, W.Q. Amplification of risk, collective actions and political game: the Evolution path of violent environmental protest. Journal of Contemporary China, v. 1, 2015.
WORLD BANK. World Bank Open Data, 2018. Disponível em: http://data.worldbank.org acesso em 21 de janeiro de 2019.
WU, F. Environmental Activism in China: 15 years in review, 1994-2008. Paper prepared for Harvard-Yenching Institute Working Paper Series. With author”Ÿs permission, 2009.
XIE, L. China’s Environmental Activism in the Age of Globalization. Asian Politics & Policy, Volume 3, Number 2, 2011.
XIE, Lei. Environmental Activism in China. Oxon: Routledge, 2009.
XUE, Ming; SHEN, Huizhang; ZHAO, Jidi. Risk fator influencing environmental protest severity in China. International Journal of Conflict Management, 2018.
YU, Jianxing; GUO, Sujian. Civil Society and Governance in China. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
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24.12.2019
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Movimento ambientalista na China contemporânea:: ambiente em disputa. InSURgência: revista de direitos e movimentos sociais [InSURgence: rights and social movements journal], Brasília, v. 5, n. 1, p. 322–343, 2019. DOI: 10.26512/insurgencia.v5i1.23704. Disponível em: https://periodicostestes.bce.unb.br/index.php/insurgencia/article/view/23704. Acesso em: 18 jan. 2025.
