Desinformados são os outros: a divisão político-comunicacional durante a pandemia de Covid-19

Authors

Richard Miskolci Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6405-5591

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-6992-20254003e59180

Keywords:

Covid-19 pandemic; disinformation; focus groups; frames; digital sociology

Abstract

Based on focus groups made in August and September 2021, this paper identifies how Bolsonaro and Haddad voters during the presidential elections of 2018 comprehended and dealt with the Covid-19 pandemic. Through an analytical line that articulates frame analysis in digital sociology with other sources about the epidemiological emergency, the research identified: 1. the inseparability between economic and health worries; 2. the participants’ realization of the responsibility of authorities and the political use of the pandemic; 3. only a segment of the far-right was prone to disinformation; and 4. health professionals were the ones who recommended the use of the Covid-Kit and ivermectin. The main conclusion is that adherence to questionable prevention and treatment measures happened not because of science denialism, but because of political and value affinities between far-right voters and their informative sources from online social networks and messaging apps.

Author Biography

Richard Miskolci, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP

Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Medicina Preventiva, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.

References

APNORC. The Media Insight Project. APNORC, 2016. Disponível em: https://apnorc.org/topics/media-insight-project/ Acesso em: 02 dez. 2024.

ARCHENTI, N. Focus groups como forma de entrevista grupal. In: Marradi, A.; Archenti, N. & Piovani, J. I. (eds.). Manual de metodología de las ciencias sociales. Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI, 2018. p. 279-290.

BARD, M. T. Propaganda, persuasion, or journalism?: Fox News’ prime-time coverage of health-care reform in 2009 and 2014. Electronic News, v. 11, n. 2, p.100-118, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1177/1931243117710278. Acesso em: 10 out. 2024

BENKLER, Y. A political economy of the origins of assymetric propaganda in American media In: Bennett, W. L. & Livingston, S. The disinformation age: politics, technology, and disruptive communication in the United States. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 2021.

BENKLER, Y.; FARIS, R. & ROBERTS, H. Network Propaganda: manipulation, disinformation, and radicalization in American Politics. New York: Oxford University Press, 2018.

BENNETT, W. L. e LIVINGSTON, S. The disinformation age: politics, technology, and disruptive communication in the United States. Cambridge/New York: Cambridge University Press, 2021.

BERNAYS, E. Propaganda. Cunnecticut: Martino Fine Books, 2024 (primeira edição 1928)

CYR, J. The Unique Utility of Focus Groups for Mixed-Methods Research. Political Science and Politics, 50/4, p. 1038-1042, 2017.

ENTMAN, R. Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, v. 43, n. 4, p. 51–58, 1993. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x. Acesso em: 12 out 2024.

EVANS, J. H. e HARGITTAI, E. Why doesn’t trust Fauci? The public’s belief in expertise and shared values of scientists in the Covid-19 pandemic. Socius, v. 6, p. 1-13, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2378023120947337. Acesso em: 11 out 2024

FERRARI, I. et alli. “Tratamento precoce; antivacinação e negacionismo: quem são os Médicos pela Vida no contexto da pandemia de Covid-19 no Brasil. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, v. 27, n. 11, p.4213-4222, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-812320222711.09282022. Acesso em 12 out 2024

FREIDSON, E. Profissão Médica: um estudo de sociologia do conhecimento aplicado. São Paulo/Porto Alegre: Editora UNESP/Fundo Editorial SIMERS, 2008.

GAMSON, W. A. Talking Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

GOFFMAN, E. Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974.

GOYANES, Manuel e LAVIN, Ana. The sociology of fake news: factors affecting the probability of sharing political fake news online. Media@LSE Working Paper Series. London, London School of Economics and Political Science, 2018. Disponível em: https://www.lse.ac.uk/media-and-communications/research/working-paper-series Acesso em: 09 out. 2024

HABERMAS, J. A new structural transformation of the public sphere and deliberative politics. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2022.

KEEN, A. The Cult of the amateur. Sydney: Currency, 2007.

KIRK, J. Infodemic, ignorance, or imagination: the problem of misinformation in health emergencies. International Political Sociology, 18, pp.1-18, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/ips/olae036. Acesso em: 12 nov. 2024.

LYNCH, M. We have never been anti-science: reflections on science wars and post-truth. Engaging Science, Technology and Society, v. 6, p. 49-57, 2020. https://doi.org/10.17351/ests2020.309. Acesso em: 14 out. 2024

MACHADO, J.; MISKOLCI, R. Das jornadas de junho à cruzada moral: o papel das redes sociais na polarização política brasileira. Sociologia & Antropologia, v. 9, n. 3, p. 945–970, 2019. DOI: 10.1590/2238!38752019v9310. Acesso em: 13 out. 2024.

MARIN, D. C. Apoiadores gritam contra a imprensa e expressam esperança em Bolsonaro. Veja, 01/01/2019 Disponível em: https://veja.abril.com.br/politica/apoiadores-gritam-contra-a-imprensa-e-expressam-esperanca-em-bolsonaro Acesso em: 24 nov. 2024.

MARINS, M. T. et alli Auxílio Emergencial em Tempos de Pandemia. Revista Sociedade & Estado, v. 36, n. 2, p. 669-692, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-6992-202136020013 Acesso em: 14 out. 2024.

MERTON, R. K. The Bearing of Empirical Research Upon the Development of Social Theory. American Sociological Review, 13/5, p. 505-515, 1948

MESSENBERG, D. e CAMARGOS, B. Os propagandistas do ódio: o bolsonarismo raiz em ação. Análise Social, v. 29, n. 253, p. 2-24, 2024. https://doi.org/10.31447/202318 Acesso em: 18 nov. 2024.

MISKOLCI, R. Muito além do negacionismo: desinformação durante a pandemia de Covid!19. Sociologias, n. 25, p. 1–26, 2023. DOI: 10.1590/18070337!123090. Acesso em: 11 nov. 2024

ORESKES e CONWAY Merchants of Doubt; Merchants of doubt: how a handful of scientists obscured the truths on issues from tobacco smoke to global warming. New York:

Bloombury Press, 2010.

PIOVANI, J. I. El análisis de contenido. In: Marradi, A. ; Archenti, N. & Piovani, J. I. (eds.). Manual de metodología de las ciencias sociales. Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI, 2018. p. 421-437

PROCTOR, Robert N. & Schiebinger, Londa. Agnotology: the making and unmaking of ignorance. Stanford: University of California Press, 2008.

ROOKE, M. Alternative media framing of COVID-19 risks. Current Sociology, v. 69, n. 4, p. 584-602, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1177/00113921211006115 Acesso em: 11 nov. 2024.

SANTOS-PINTO, C. B.; Miranda, E. S.; OSÓRIO DE CASTRO, C. G. S. O “kit-covid” e o Programa Farmácia Popular no Brasil. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, v. 37, n. 2, p. 1-5, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00348020 Acesso em: 12 nov. 2024.

WILLIAMS, R. Televisão: tecnologia e forma cultura. São Paulo, SP: Boitempo, 2016 (primeira edição 1974).