Efeito da vegetação no microclima urbano: estudo de caso no Rio de Janeiro com uso de simulações no ENVI-met

Marco Antonio Milazzo de Almeida; Louise Land Bittencourt  Lomardo

doi:10.18830/1679-09442025v18e54530

Authors

Marco Antonio Milazzo de Almeida Universidade Federal Fluminense; Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8570-9929
Louise Land Bittencourt Lomardo Universidade Federal Fluminense; Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9515-7734

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18830/1679-09442025v18e54530

Keywords:

Urban Microclimate, Atmospheric Temperature, Hygrothermal Comfort, Vegetation

Abstract

This article aims to analyze the influence of vegetation on a street in Rio de Janeiro, located in a consolidated neighborhood, by evaluating the impact of different scenarios on air temperature and relative humidity using computational simulations with the ENVI-met 5 software and Python programming language. A comparison was made between the existing situation of the street in 2018 and seven different hypothetical scenarios, using two species of tree vegetation, green roofs, and green facades. It was found that: [1] under the adopted climatic conditions, the differences between the scenarios were small; [2] the adoption of different tree species and the variation in their quantity did not produce significant average results; [3] based on the morphological characteristics of Fernando Osório Street, the scenarios using green facades resulted in achieving both lower average and spot air temperatures, and higher average and spot relative humidities among the other scenarios; [4] to achieve good hygrothermal levels in the streets of consolidated urban centers, ensuring the sustainability and overall efficiency of the system, combined solutions of different vegetation applications can be adopted.

Author Biographies

Marco Antonio Milazzo de Almeida, Universidade Federal Fluminense; Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo

Professor of the Architecture Program at Universidade Estácio de Sá (2006/17), Professor of the Architecture Program at Instituto Metodista Bennett (2011/13), Professor of the Architecture Program at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ (2017/18), and Professor of the Architecture and Urbanism Program at IBMEC-RJ (2020/present). Co-director of the architecture firm Oficina de Arquitetos (2000/08). Co-director of the architecture firm Milazzo Projetos (2008/2020). He has experience in the fields of Engineering, Architecture, and Urbanism, with an emphasis on Planning, Building Design, Civil Construction, and Energy Efficiency.
Louise Land Bittencourt Lomardo, Universidade Federal Fluminense; Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo

Científica del Estado de Río de Janeiro (FAPERJ) y fue Investigadora Nivel 2 del CNPq (2015/17). Actualmente, es investigadora y profesora titular en los programas de grado y posgrado de la Escuela de Arquitectura y Urbanismo e investigadora en IVIG/COPPE/UFRJ. Es líder y coordinadora del grupo de investigación del CNPq: "Laboratorio de Conservación de Energía y Confort Ambiental - LabCECA/UFF - Defensoría de la Ciudad" y de su respectivo laboratorio. Tiene experiencia en el campo de la Arquitectura y el Urbanismo, con énfasis en Diseño Arquitectónico, Eficiencia Energética, Tecnología y Confort Ambiental, centrándose principalmente en los siguientes temas: regulación para la eficiencia energética de los edificios, diseño arquitectónico, conservación de energía, arquitectura bioclimática, acústica arquitectónica y sostenibilidad ambiental. Obtuvo el primer lugar en el Premio PROCEL de Conservación de Energía en la categoría de diseño arquitectónico en las ediciones de 2005 y 2007. Es miembro de la Secretaría Técnica de Edificaciones del Grupo de Trabajo del Ministerio de Minas y Energía.

References

AKBARI, Hashem. Potentials of urban heat island mitigation. In: INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE PASSIVE AND LOW ENERGY COOLING FOR THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT, 11., Santorini, Grécia. Anais [...]. 2005. p. 13.

ALVARES, Clayton Alcarde; STAPE, José Luiz; SENTELHAS, Paulo Cesar; GONÇALVES, José Leonardo de Moraes; SPAROVEK, Gerd. Köppen’s climate classification map for Brazil. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, Stuttgart, 2013. v. 22, n. 6, p. 711–728. DOI: 10.1127/0941-2948/2013/0507.

BAO, Jin; XU, Lihua; SHI, Yijun; MA, Qiwei; LU, Zhangwei. The influence of street morphology on thermal environment based on ENVI-met simulation: a case study of Hangzhou core area, China. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 2023. v. 12, n. 8, p. 303. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi12080303.

BARROS, C. P. G.; COSTA, S. B.; BARBOSA, R. V. R. Vegetação e microclima urbano: estudo de caso em ruas residenciais de bairros litorâneos em Maceió-Alagoas. In: CONGRESSO LUSO-BRASILEIRO PARA O PLANEJAMENTO URBANO, REGIONAL, INTEGRADO E SUSTENTÁVEL, 7., Maceió, Alagoas. Anais [...]. Maceió. 2016.

BONAN, Gordon B. Effects of land use on the climate of the United States. Climate Change, 1997. n. 37, p. 449–486. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005305708775.

BOZONNET, Emmanuel; DOYA, Maxime; ALLARD, Francis. Cool roofs impact on building thermal response: a French case study. Energy and Buildings, 2011. v. 43, n. 11, p. 3006–3012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.07.017.

BRUSE, Michael. Simulating human thermal comfort and resulting usage patterns of urban open spaces with a multi-agent system. In: WITTKOPF, St.; TAN, B. K. 24th International Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture PLEA. Anais [...]. 2007. p. 699-706.

CARFAN, Ana Cláudia. Análise do conforto térmico em áreas abertas no município de Ourinhos – SP. 2011. 2011. Tese (Doutorado em Ciências) – Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo.

CARFAN, Ana Cláudia; GALVANI, Emerson; NERY, Jonas Teixeira. Study of the microclimate effect in the urban vertical structure in Ourinhos, São Paulo State. Acta Scientiarum Technology, 2012. v. 34, n. 3, p. 313–320. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4025/actascitechnol.v34i3.12322.

CUI, Dongjin; CHEN, Yutong; ZHANG, Yu; LI, Xiangyi. A study on the effect of vertical greening on the thermal environment of street canyons based on ENVI-met simulation. E3S Web of Conferences. v. 490. Anais[…]. 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202449003004.

DAS, Niamjit. Modeling develops to estimate leaf area and leaf biomass of Lagerstroemia speciosa in West Vanugach Reserve Forest of Bangladesh. ISRN Forestry, 2014. v. 2014, p. 1–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/486478.

EMMANUEL, Rohinton; ROSENLUND, Hans; JOHANSSON, Erik. Urban shading: a design option for the tropics? A study in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Int. J. of Climatology, 2007. v. 27, n. 14, p. 1995–2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1609.

FEBLES, E. A. Ventosa. Ecology and reproductive biology of Trichilia Triacantha Urb. (Meliaceae). 1997. Tese (Mestrado em Biologia) – University of Puerto Rico Mayagüez Campus, Mayagüez, Porto Rico ,1997.

GAITANI, Niki; MIHALAKAKOU, Giouli; SANTAMOURIS, Mat. On the use of bioclimatic architecture principles in order to improve thermal comfort conditions in outdoor spaces. Building and Environment, 2007. v. 42, n. 1, p. 317–324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.08.018.

GARCÍA, Ricardo J Santiago. Performance of native tree species planted under nurse trees for dry forest restoration in Puerto Rico. 2010. Tese (Mestrado em Agronomia) – University of Puerto Rico Mayagüez Campus, Mayagüez, Porto Rico , 2010.

GILL, Susannah; HANDLEY, John F.; ENNOS, Adrian Roland; PAULEIT, Stephan. Adapting cities for climate change: the role of the green infrastructure. Built Environment, 2007. v. 33, n. 1, p. 115–133. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.33.1.115.

GRIMMOND, C. S. B.; OKE, Timothe. R. An evapotranspiration-interception model for urban areas. Water Resources Research, 1991. n. 27, p. 1739–1755. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/91WR00557.

GUSSON, Carolina dos Santos; DUARTE, Denise Helena Silva; Effects of built density and urban morphology on urban microclimate: calibration of the model ENVI-met V4 for the subtropical Sao Paulo, Brazil. Em: INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COUNTERMEASURES TO URBAN HEAT ISLAND, 4., Singapura. Anais [...]. Singapura: Procedia Engineering. 2016.

IBGE. Brasil em números. Disponível em: https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/periodicos/2/bn_2021_v29.pdf. Acesso em: 23 jun. 2022.

LASMAR, Caio Ismael de Jesus; NUNES, Dorisvalder Dias. Elementos morfológicos urbanos e o campo termo-higrométrico na cidade de Porto Velho (RO). Revista Brasileira de Climatologia, 2022. v. 31, p. 180–206. DOI: https://doi.org/10.55761/abclima.v31i18.15860.

LEVINSON, Ronnen; BERDAHL, Paul; BERHE, Asmeret Asefaw; AKBARI, Hashem. Effects of soiling and cleaning on the reflectance and solar heat gain of a light-colored roofing membrane. Atmospheric Environment, 2005. v. 39, n. 40, p. 7807–7824. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.08.037.

LIU, Zhixin; CHENG, Ka Yuen; SINSEL, Tim; SIMON, Helge; JIM, C.Y.; MORAKINYO, Tobi Eniolu; HE, Yueyang; YIN, Shi; OUYANG, Wanlu; SHI, Yuan; NG, Edward. Modeling microclimatic effects of trees and green roofs/façades in ENVI-met: sensitivity tests and proposed model library. Building and Environment, v. 244, p. 110759. 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110759.

LOIS, Erika; LABAKI, Lucila Chebel. Conforto térmico em espaços externos: uma revisão. In: ENCONTRO NACIONAL E ENCONTRO LATINO-AMERICANO SOBRE CONFORTO NO AMBIENTE CONSTRUÍDO, VI., São Pedro. Anais [...]. 2001.

LORENZI, Harri. Árvores brasileiras: manual de identificação e cultivo de plantas arbóreas nativas do Brasil. São Paulo: Editora Plantarum. 1992.

LUO, Tianqing; LIU, Yifan; ZHAI, Yujia; GONG, Xiuqi. Is LCZ Enough? Physical Properties, Thermal Environments and Cooling Effects of Green Roofs in High-Density Urban Industrial Blocks. Land, v. 13, n. 10, p. 1642, 9 out. 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101642./

MATHIEU, Renaud; FREEMAN, Claire; ARYAL, Jagannath. Mapping private gardens in urban areas using object-oriented techniques and very high-resolution satellite imagery. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2007. v. 81, p. 179–192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2006.11.009.

MINELLA, Flavia Cristina Osaku, KRÜGER, Eduardo Leite. Proposição do índice "fração vegetada" e sua relação com alterações na temperatura do ar e no conforto térmico no período diurno e em situação de verão para Curitiba. Ambiente Construído. 2017. v. 17(1), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1678-86212017000100139.

MUGHAL, Muhammad Omer; KUBILAY, Aytac; YÜCEL, Mehmet; AFACAN, Osman. Urban heat island intensity in Erzincan City: effects of urbanization and water bodies. Atmosphere, 2019. v. 10, n. 9, p. 543. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10090543.

NOVAES, Gabriel Bonansea De Alencar; MONTEIRO, Leonardo Marques. Calibração do ENVI-met para simulações termodinâmicas de espaços urbanos abertos em dias quentes. Ambiente Construído, v. 22, n. 4, p. 275–297, dez. 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1678-86212022000400640.

OKE, Timothe. R. The micrometeorology of the urban forest. Philosofical Transaction of the Royal Society B, Londres, n. 324, p. 335–349, 1988. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1989.0051.

OLIPHANT, Travis E. Python for scientific computing. Computing in Science & Engineering, v. 9, n. 3, p. 10-20, 2007. DOI: 10.1109/MCSE.2007.58.

PENG, Lilliana; JIM, C. Green-Roof Effects on Neighborhood Microclimate and Human Thermal Sensation. Energies, v. 6, n. 2, p. 598–618, 25 jan. 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en6020598.

RIO DE JANEIRO, Prefeitura Municipal do. Meio Ambiente. Parques e Jardins. Plano Diretor de Arborização Urbana da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro, 2015.

SFAKIANAKI, Aikaterini; PAGALOU, Elli; PAVLOU, Konstantinos; SANTAMOURIS, Mat; ASSIMAKOPOULOS, M. N. Theoretical and experimental analysis of the thermal behaviour of a green roof system installed in two residential buildings in Athens, Greece. Int. J. Energy Res., v. 33, p. 1059-1069, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/er.1535.

SHINZATO, Paula; SIMON, Helge; DUARTE, Denise Helena Silva; BRUSE, Michael. Calibration process and parametrization of tropical plants using ENVI-met V4: Sao Paulo case study. Architectural Science Review, v. 62, n. 2, p. 112-125, 2018.

SHINZATO, Paula. Impacto da vegetação nos microclimas urbanos em função das interações solo-vegetação-atmosfera. 2014. Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia da Arquitetura) – Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2014. DOI: 10.11606/T.16.2014.tde-12092014-115829. Disponível em: http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16132/tde-12092014-115829/. Acesso em: 22 dez. 2021.

SHINZATO, Paula; DUARTE, Denise Helena Silva. Impacto da vegetação nos microclimas urbanos e no conforto térmico em espaços abertos em função das interações solo-vegetação-atmosfera. Ambiente Construído, v. 18(2), 2018, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/s1678-86212018000200250

STEWART, I. D.; OKE, T. R. Local Climate Zones for Urban Temperature Studies. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, v. 93, n. 12, p. 1879–1900, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00019.1.

TAHA, Haider; AKBARI, Hashem; ROSENFELD, Arthur; HUANG, Joe. Residential cooling loads and the urban heat island—the effects of albedo. Building and Environment, v. 23, n. 4, p. 271–283, 1988. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-1323(88)90033-9.

THEODOSIOU, Theodore. Green Roofs in Buildings: Thermal and Environmental Behaviour. Adv. Build. Energy Research, v. 3, p. 271–288, 2009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3763/aber.2009.0311.

WALES, Scott. Reading ENVI_MET files. 2022. Disponível em: https://climate-cms.org/posts/2018-04-24-reading-envi-met.html. Acesso em: 26 ago. 2024.

WANG, Haihua; CAI, Yue; DENG, Weifen; LI, Chong; DONG, Ya; ZHOU, Lv; SUN, Jingyi.; LI, Chen; SONG, Bingzheng; ZHANG, Fangfang; ZHOU, Guomo. The Effects of Tree Canopy Structure and Tree Coverage Ratios on Urban Air Temperature Based on ENVI-Met. Forests, v. 14, n. 1, p. 80, 1 jan. 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/f14010080.

XIAO, Tieqiao; SHENG, Lalan; ZHANG, Shaojie; ZHENG, Licheng; SHUI, Taotao. Thermal Comfort Improvement Strategies for Outdoor Spaces in Traditional Villages Based on ENVI-met: Shimengao Village in Chizhou City. Sustainability, v. 15, n. 15, p. 11785, 31 jul. 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511785.