Ni « handicapé », ni « cyborg »
pour un regard pluridisciplinaire sur le design inclusif
Mots-clés :
Disability studies, technologies d’assistance, design universel, design inclusif, prothèse, co-construction (conception centrée patient/utilisateur)Résumé
Pour les personnes en situation de handicap, la technique forme un champ d'innovation plein de promesses. Les technologies d’assistance soutiennent en effet les fonctions du corps au fil des activités quotidiennes et du travail de rééducation, et contribuent à favoriser l’autonomie et la participation sociale. Les « prothèses » peuvent même améliorer considérablement les performances, au point de faire passer ceux que l’on stigmatisait comme « infirmes» pour des nouveaux cyborgs, au design futuriste. C’est ce que montrent en tout cas les enquêtes de sciences sociales menées conjointement avec les laboratoires d’ingénierie et les services de médecine physique. Lors de projets communs d’innovation technologique, les uns et les autres se rejoignent cependant sur un même point critique, qui tend au paradoxe : même si l’on proclame qu’il faut prendre en compte les besoins des utilisateurs et la singularité du patient, la focalisation sur la technologie d’ingénierie pure a tendance à prendre naturellement le dessus. C’est ainsi que la tension, au sein du progrès dans le design des technologies d’assistance, entre le centrage sur la singularité de la personne en situation de handicap et la tendance inévitable à la standardisation industrielle, devient un poste d’observation privilégié de la dynamique en cours de co-construction des savoirs scientifiques, technologiques et du « retour d’expérience ».
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